fiv feline aids :: essays research papers fc

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is one of the top five killers of domestic cats in the U.S. In fact 3% of healthy cats were reported to have contracted the disease in the year 1999. FIV is a fatal disease and interestingly enough most FIV cats don’t die of the disease it self by by other infections caused by their lowed immune system. FIV causes a deficiency in the immune system and makes cats very susceptible to a huge variety of medical problems basically because they have no fighting power. Case Report: Signalment- â€Å" Bella† Smith; 4 year old S/F DMH Chief Complaint- not eating, diarrhea, sudden unfriendliness History- Owner says Bella has been acting unfriendly for about two weeks (e.g. wont let owner pet or hold her anymore, also she hides under the bed constantly) owner also says Bella’s appetite has gone very low, she used to feed her one cup of dry every morning and one half a can of wet food at night and now she wont eat ‘hardly any of either’. Owner has seen diarrhea in litter box for 3 days. Bella had her kitten shots and boosters but no Hx of fiv/felv testing, deforming, fecal or blood analysis. S.O.A.P: S†¦ qar; mm=pink; poor coat w/ matted sections O†¦t=103.6, p=44, r=48, CRT=> 4 sec., *** FIV/FeLV test positive (+) for FIV. A†¦ Bella is FIV+ P†¦* FIV tested +; *hospitalization for observation; *200 ml Normasol fluids SQ then *iv fluids @150ml/hr, 3 ml vit B complex added; urinalysis to be performed in a.m. after completion of fluid therapy. â€Å"Feline Retro Virus Testing and Management† Compendium magazine July 2001   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article explains how to test for and care for FIV. The only way to prevent your cat from contracting FIV is by preventing contact with FIV infected cats.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   FIV testing is the best thing to do whenever your cat gets sick, no matter if they have tested negative for the disease before. Cats of all ages should be tested because it is so hard to know if your cat has come in contact with infected cats. â€Å"Infected cats may remain symptomatic for years during which time they may serve as unapparent sources of infection to other cats in the household†(Mary Tompkins, DVM, PhD). Basically if you have a cat, or cats, and u want to get another it is in the best interests of you and each one of the cats to be tested for FIV to ensure their heath and safety.

Day Light Factor in Office Spaces

DAY LIGHT FACTOR IN OFFICE SPACESBackground:Day illuming admitted into constructing through â€Å"holes† in external cloth ( Windowss, roof visible radiations, etc. ) which in adverse climes by and large incorporate glass or an alternate transparent stuff to heat loss. The energy efficiency and sustainability became progressively of import issues in the field of architecture. Often day-lighting is recognised as a cardinal scheme in cut downing the energy ingestion by cut downing sum of electrical lighting in a edifice. And even, twenty-four hours lighting is besides known for holding its positive effects on human wellness and productiveness. So by all these, the energy criterions and green edifice evaluation systems have strongly recommended that interior decorators incorporate twenty-four hours illuming schemes into edifice design. However, this recommendation is often ignored due to the complexness in following twenty-four hours illuming design and due to the ocular uncomfortableness caused by the inordinate sunshine incursions and Sun blaze. Many yearss illuming analysis have been developed and used by pupils, interior decorators and advisers. From physical modeling to computing machine based simulations, analysis methods are used to foretell the public presentation of twenty-four hours illuming systems before a edifice is completed.by utilizing all these methods, we can mensurate or cipher assorted values like illumination degrees. However it is non easy to acquire accurate predictable or frequently even fiting values between techniques due to variance in variables and besides due to the sky choices. Introduction: Day lighting is a extremely cost-efficient agencies of cut downing the energy for electrical lighting and chilling. But architecture instruction frequently reduces the facet of twenty-four hours illuming to attention-getting effects on frontages and barely discusses its possible effects – non merely on cost, but wellness, wellbeing and energy. The light affairs will research the frequently undiscovered facets of twenty-four hours lighting and present cardinal schemes for you to break integrated twenty-four hours illuming into design: from optimising constructing orientations to taking interior surface qualities that achieve the right coefficient of reflection. These stairss can significantly cut down your investing every bit good as operating costs. And while these schemes will surely catch the involvement of economically oriented clients, you will shortly detect that twenty-four hours illuming can make so much more. The chief survey of this paper is to understand the kineticss of twenty-four hours light factor in relation to edifice infinites and to understand twenty-four hours visible radiation as a design component. The development and effects of twenty-four hours light and its factor in office edifices. Abstractions: Lighting degrees in a edifice infinite are typically measured in foot-candles or lx. Light from electrical visible radiations is reasonably changeless so exact degrees of lighting can be obtained through the choice and layout of light fixtures. When it comes to twenty-four hours lighting, the light beginning is the sky vault which is outside the edifice s it becomes necessary to put in glassy gaps to acknowledge equal daytime to run into infinite demands. Planing for exact degrees of visible radiation from twenty-four hours visible radiation is hard since the light beginning is invariably altering depending on clip of twenty-four hours and conditions conditions. Alternatively of ciphering exact degrees of visible radiation ( foot tapers or lx ) in a given infinite from daytime, a daylight factor was created to mensurate comparative visible radiation degrees. Day light factor: The construct of daylight factor ( DF ) was developed in the United Kingdom in the early 20Thursdaycentury. Day light factors are used in architecture and edifice design in order to measure the internal natural lighting degrees. Daylight factor is defined as the ratio of the internal illumination at a point in a edifice to the unshaded, external horizontal illumination under a CIE cloudiness sky ( Moon and Spencer 1942 ) . The chief connotation of utilizing this type of ratios instead than absolute values, was to avoid the trouble of holding frequent and frequently terrible fluctuations in the strength of twenty-four hours illuming ( Waldram 1909 ) . In the beginning, sky factors were used to cipher the twenty-four hours light illumination from the sky dome to a peculiar point in the edifice. Later on, the sky factor was evolved into the daylight factor, as the visible radiation reflected from external obstructors, visible radiation from the glazing and internal refelectances were added every bit good ( Waldram 1950 ) . Day light factor is the ratio between indoor illumination and out-of-door illumination. It can be measured for a specific point or for an norm of a infinite. The undermentioned expression shows how to cipher twenty-four hours light factor from illumination degrees. DF = 100 * Tocopherolin/ Tocopherolext Where DF= twenty-four hours light factor Tocopherolin: illumination due to twenty-four hours illuming on the indoor working topographic point Tocopherolext: illumination out-of-doorss on a unobstructed horizontal plane. Daylight reading at a mention point in a room can be made up of three constituents: Sky constituent– the visible radiation received straight from the sky Externally reflected constituent– the visible radiation received after contemplation from the land, edifice or other external surface and Internally reflected constituent– the visible radiation received after being reflected from the surfaces inside a edifice. All these three constituents need to be accounted for to find the twenty-four hours light factor. Day illuming factor was used to obtain the lower limit lighting demands, but it does non gives the thought of good twenty-four hours illuming. Even though the twenty-four hours illuming factor was used most widely to mensurate twenty-four hours lighting and for bulk of practicians, the consideration of twenty-four hours light Begins and terminals with twenty-four hours light factor ( Nabil and Mardaljevic 2005 ) . For the last 50 old ages, this design pattern has mostly remained undisputed with a few noteworthy exclusions ( Kendrick and Skinner 1980 ; Tregenza 1980 ) . So it is widely accepted, quantitative public presentation step for twenty-four hours lighting. Day light factor has besides got different back uping qualities for the design use in the edifices. Depending on the edifice designs, the twenty-four hours light factors have the capacity to act upon the design picks. Coming to the different facets where the twenty-four hours light factor can impact the edifice design were similar, the geometry of the edifice, environing landscapes and environing edifices. Not merely the external belongingss, due to the twenty-four hours light factor, there a considerable affects in the inside of the edifices besides. They are like the coloring material, coefficient of reflection, transmission, diffuseness, secularity, etc. , have an impact on the twenty-four hours light factor. In general, the daylight factor steps are intuitive and easy to pass on. To cipher the twenty-four hours light factor, there are a figure of methods bing. They range from simple computations to the BRE split flux method to progress computation techniques based on radiosity ( Lighting Analysts Inc. 2006 ) , Lumen Designer ( Light Technologies Inc. 2006 ) and/or Raytracing ( Ward and Shakesphere 1998 ) . Using glow, for any geometry of edifice and any type of stuff, we can cipher the twenty-four hours light factor. The twenty-four hours light factor can besides hold the influence on twenty-four hours light planing in the peculiar edifices. Some signifier giving characteristics, which are by and large accompanied with the good twenty-four hours visible radiation, were influenced. Like the high window- caput highs, high ceiling coefficient of reflection, big frontages, wall coatings, narrow floor programs, high transmission glazing, sky light gaps, etc. If we go for the â€Å"the more the better† attack, the maximal twenty-four hours light perforating into the edifice in a to the full glazed edifice will be more. We can hold the adequate twenty-four hours lighting, but frequently those constructing exhibit comfort and energy related jobs. By and large these are conditions which we see in commercial edifices. There are few restrictions of the twenty-four hours light steps. They are ; Design recommendation based on the twenty-four hours light factor will be same for all types of facade orientations. Day light factor for all types of edifice locations will be same. Daylight factor does non see the season, clip of the twenty-four hours, variable sky conditions. Actually this bears really of import effects. Day light factor can non assist to forestall the blaze schemes for different facade orientations, even though the job of blaze is most outstanding. Day light factor in office infinites: A twenty-four hours light factor of 2 is a typical degree one would desire to accomplish for an office infinite. It assumes that 2 % of the entire visible radiation that is outside the edifice ends up on the working plane or desktop. Assuming an mean out-of-door illumination of 2500 pes tapers and a twenty-four hours light factor of 2 % the indoor illumination on the desktop would be 50 foot tapers. 2 % ten 2500 pes tapers = 50 pes tapers Other typical twenty-four hours light factors for assorted infinites are:Assorted infinitesDay light factorDiscussion groups14Residential life room1Residential kitchen2Office – item work4Office – outlining6Office – corridors0.5Schools – schoolrooms2Schools – art suites4Hospitals – wards1Hospitals – waiting suites2Sports installations2Warehouse – majority storage0.5Warehouse – medium size storage1Warehouse – little point storage2Calculating a twenty-four hours light factor based on the edifice design includes window/skylight sizes, overhangs/light shelves, glass types, and exterior/ interior refelectances can go really complex. A simple regulation of pollex to come close the twenty-four hours light factor for twenty-four hours lit infinites utilizing perpendicular Windowss is D = 0.1 tens PG Where Calciferol= daytime factor PG= per centum of glass to floor country. For illustration, a 1000sft office infinite has 200sft of Windowss, and so the twenty-four hours light factor will be DF = 0.1 x ( 200/1000 ) = .02 or 2 % The twenty-four hours light factor degrees can be loosely classified into three classs:Under 2Between 2 and 5Over 5Not adequately illumeAdequately litWell litRoom looks glooming under twenty-four hours light entirelyArtificial lighting may be used partiallyArtificial illuming by and large non required except at morning and twilightArtificial lighting will be requiredBut blaze and solar addition may do jobsDaylight factor contours: The twenty-four hours light factor inside a room will change harmonizing to place. Day light factors are frequently given as working plane contours. Tall windows supply deeper twenty-four hours light incursion, while multiple Windowss provide more even twenty-four hours light distribution. Appraisal of twenty-four hours light factors: The twenty-four hours light factor inside an bing edifice can be measured straight utilizing a photometer which gives a direct reading of the twenty-four hours light factor. In the design phase, twenty-four hours light factors can be predicted utilizing:Design tabular arraies ;Waldram diagram ;Computer plans ;Scale theoretical accounts ;Day light factor protractors.Day light factor analysis: In malice of the twenty-four hours light factor popularity as an index of twenty-four hours light public presentations, daylight factor has some serious restrictions.Day light factor doesn’t take consideration, the location of the edifice.DF can non stand for the alteration in illumination degrees indoors, due to the temporal fluctuations of the sky luminosity.The orientation of the frontage of the edifice has no consequence in twenty-four hours light computation.Da Y light factor doesn’t buttocks blaze caused by the twenty-four hours lighting.Glare is a major issue necessitating careful considerations during the design phase.Day light factor is non specific about the clime.LITERATURE REVIEW: Light is every bit much a â€Å"material† for edifice as the rocks, bricks, and other constituents used in building ; for, although there would be no wall without its structural constituents, the wall has no existent being for us unless it corresponds to a animal feeling, gained with our eyes and substantiated with our heads.Derek PhillipsNatural visible radiation is recognized and varied for the qualities that it offers. Man’s faith, wellness and civilization has immense positive impact due to twenty-four hours lighting, since ages. The demand for natural light in insides has been investigated by illuming applied scientists, doctors and psychologists for several centuries, and therefore had a profound consequence on twenty-four hours lighting, the scientific discipline of natural light. Research on the effects of the want of visible radiation, the demand for position and effects on biological procedures have confirmed the factual bases for this demand. Features of Natural Light: Natural visible radiation that enters any room consists of two basic parts, viz. direct sunshine ( sunstroke ) and diffused fanlight.Roger Neal Goldstein in his Research on Natural Light in Architectural Designprovinces that by carefully pointing a window or a roof-light one can let for the incursion of both the elements of natural visible radiation, if desired. Harmonizing toMillet ( 1996 ) ,the aglow consequence of all light beginnings depends on four factors:The Source ( its strength, its directional features, its coloring material )The Geometry ( its relationship between the beginning and the receiving system or having surface )Different Surfaces inside the Space ( The surfaces that receive and modify visible radiation, going secondary visible radiation beginnings in themselves by reflecting, airting and coloring visible radiation ; and the individual who views the beginning and lighted surfaces as he or she moves about. )Motion and Visual Perception of the Observer.He besides declares that by detecting how light behaves, we can work with it to uncover architecture. THE Beginning: Harmonizing to Millet ( 1996 ) , â€Å"Each peculiar topographic point has its visible radiation. Light showing topographic point encompasses two distinguishable facets:The topographic point itself, its physical characteristic and features that determine how it differs at any given minute from any other topographic point andThe peculiar set of alterations that take topographic point within it over clip, making typical forms of diurnal and seasonal alterations.Sukhtej Singh Gill in his paper on the Study of the Characteristics of Natural Light in Selected Buildings by Le Corbusier, Louis. I.Kahn and Tadao Ando references that â€Å"these significances change the manner light interacts with the built environment.† â€Å" The window is a major constituent of the spacial record between interior and outside. With its size relation to the solid wall, it determines the way in which attending is focused. With its inside informations, it defines the passage between the room and landscape. † ( Millet 1996, p. 96 ) It is in this passage of natural visible radiation from exterior to the inside that a infinite is transformed and its character is defined. Intensity: The strength of visible radiation is judged based on the perceptual experience of the objects it tends to foreground. Lam ( 1977 ) states that â€Å" Percepts of the aglow environment ever include an affectional constituent an appraising or emotional response to the sensed province of personal businesss. † Opinions in a infinite, such as visible radiation or dark, bright or glooming, interesting or dull, sparkle or blaze, depend on whether or non the aglow environment meets our outlooks and satisfies our demands for ocular information by stressing what we want or need to see instead than the existent luminosity degrees in a infinite. Directional Feature: The directional features of natural visible radiation are defined out of the motion of the Sun across the sky. The deepness shadows and the contrast between two surfaces are born out of the directional features of the beginning of natural visible radiation one time interrupted by a physical plane or boundary. These are associated with the character of a infinite and aid to pull a meaningful relation with the beginning at all times of a twenty-four hours, month or season of a twelvemonth. Tannizaki ( 1997 ) describes that the beauty of a Nipponese room depends on a fluctuation of shadows, heavy shadows against light shadows. Light is an unerasable portion of our experience of life. It helps us understand the overall deepness of the scene by showcasing the difference between the bright and the dark. Color: The usage of colour can change the perceptual experience of a infinite. Lighter colourss reflect more light and the room appears to be of a greater size. When painted with dark colourss that tend to absorb most of the light falling on the surface, the same room appears much smaller in size. The visible radiation that filters through a coloured glass can alter the chromaticity of the base colour of the surface on which it falls. Apart from this, natural visible radiation alterations in colour as the instance is when comparing the forenoon, afternoon or flushing visible radiation from the Sun, but this alteration is compensated by our outlook in the manner we perceive the same infinite at different times of a twenty-four hours. Harmonizing to Philips ( 2004 ) , â€Å" the experience of natural colour, for whilst the physical colour of our universe as experienced in daylight changes from twilight to click, the alterations are portion of our experience ; we compensate automatically, a white wall appears a white wall even if in the eventide it may be warmer, or is coloured by sunshine, or altered by cloud formations†¦ . it is the colour we regard as natural † . THE GEOMETRY: Light is non perceptible without signifier and frailty versa says Sukhtej Singh Gill in his paper â€Å" The Study of Characteristics of Natural Light in Selected Buildings Designed by Le Corbusier, Louis. I. Kahn and Tadao Ando † . He quotes Millet ‘s statements that â€Å" Natural visible radiation that renders signifier seeable is ever altering, but we perceive the signifier as stable due to out perceptual procedure†¦ . Shadows aid in the perceptual experience of the signifier and the spacial deepness†¦ Extreme brightness or darkness can fade out a signifier as they tend to film over the inside informations and befog the soundness of a stuff†¦ Silhouetting is one of the ways in which visible radiation from the roof glazing can uncover the construction. † Importance: Research identified benefits of daytime, sunshine every bit good as position for people’s wellness and Wellbeing.Peoples believe that working under natural daytime is better for wellness and wellbeing than electric Light( Veitch et al. , 1993/1996 )Less asthenopia( Cowling et al. , 1990 ) ,higher productiveness( Visher 1989 ) ,more effectual acquisition( Heshong et al 1999 )Daylight is better for psychological comfort, for office visual aspect and pleasantness, for general wellness, for ocular wellness, and for color visual aspect of people and trappingss( Heerwagen et al.,1986 )Having a window, or holding entree to daylight, improves satisfaction with illuming( Veitch et al.,2003 )In deep on the job infinites people have a strong penchant for being near the Windowss( Christoffersenet al. , 1999 )Mentions:A Study of the Natural Light In Selected Buildings Designed by Le Corbusier, Louis. I. Kahn and Tadao Ando by Sukhtej Singh Gill ; 2006Natural Light in Architectural Design: Component and Determinant by Roger Neal Goldstein ; MIT ;1976Day light benefits in wellness attention edifices , by prof. DTG Strong.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.arefianatelier.com/interior-light-effects-on-human-mood-and-social-behaviour.htmlNatural light presentation, by kjeld johnso.Health and Light, by John Nash 1973.Daylighting controls (hypertext transfer protocol: //windows.lbl.gov/comm_perf/daylight/esl321.html)hypertext transfer protocol ; //home.wlv.ac.uk/~in6840/Daylightfactor.htmdaylight factor versusdaylihgt handiness in computer-based daylihgting simulations by Karen Kensek and Jae Yong Suk1|Page

Electoral CollegeThings That Should Be Made - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1346 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/28 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Electoral College Essay Did you like this example? What to do with the Electoral College The President of the United States is well known to be elected by the Electoral College and not directly by the people. However, some 21st century voters may be amazed to learn that when they enter a setting to select their candidate for president, they actually cast a ballot for representatives that vote on their behalf. These selected representatives are known as the Electoral College. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Electoral College:Things That Should Be Made" essay for you Create order Every time a candidate who does not win the most popular votes is elected President, opponents of the Electoral College call for his abolition and supporters praise his advantages. I believe however, that the electoral college is unnecessary in current times, and inspires unrest in society during voting seasons- inducing the questioning of civilian voices and rights through due federalism and democracy. The electoral college assured the smaller states that their voices would be noticed and that they would still earn presidential campaigns. Otherwise, the candidates would certainly focus on massive states in a popular election campaign, where you can win many votes at a time. Except for one large flaw that was added within this system, and thatrs the winner-takes-all process: the candidate that assumes the popular vote in a state, even by a one vote, gets all electoral votes. Most of the people involved in the ECrs design presumably thought it would be improved upon in the future since laws of the legislature can reform it quite easily. Assuming this, we could develop any number of means to choose our electors. So, it exists because it has never been changed since prior times. This in turns leaves us stuck with the current system, and thus springs forth conspiracies and adamant debates on its irrationality. One main feature sought to be promising at first, but is now a major drawback, is the winner-takes-all phenomenon. This rule creates a balance, which it produces inconsistent results, indiscriminately advantages or disadvantages groups of voters, and contributes to political misbehavior. Katherine Florey states that The degree to which the winner-take-all system heightens the risk of a popular-electoral split is a significant problem†one that occasioned bipartisan concern in the years before the 2000 election (Florey 345). Furthermore, even though these splits may seem atypical, they bring severe political consequences most notably the depression of votes from strongly affiliated voter groups such as African Americans and students (Florey 351). However, I do not disagree with the philosophical opposing views of the electoral college. In some lights, there are good reasons to preserve the current system- such as the dissemination of political power to the population versus the popular ballot. Also, states can choose how to elect their representatives; this indicates a fair federalist cause. However, talk of reform spurs from the ideal of a pure- democratic ballot that goes from the poll to the candidate. Supporters can counter this though, mainly because states can enfranchise the direct popular vote for or against the candidates they elect to represent them. However, Derek T. Muller voices that If the Electoral College were reformed to give the winner of a national popular vote the presidency, states would still control who votes and who does not (Muller 1241). For instance, various factors may play a role in that voting process such as felon status, age, mental stability, or alien status (Muller 1241). Therefore, there wil l always be an incongruity with the population and number of ballots in the states. Personally, I believe there may be better methods to change the way presidents are elected. Rather than abolishing the electoral college, it can be amended so that the rights of all voters are safeguarded and kept equivalent on a national scale. The majority rule scenario would impose checks and balances on the government during the voter season, but sometimes the majority can become an overwhelming power. Thus, both sides have their drawbacks when political power is the topic, so there needs to be a compromise- even if it calls for another amendment. An example of the electoral collegers injustice is the fact that some districts cannot participate. Benjamin Bolinger quotes that Despite the fact that residents of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands are US, citizens, they are completely excluded from the Electoral College system, Puerto Rico alone has a population of 3,808,610. Upon adding this figure to the population of the other territories, one finds that over four million c itizens are not represented in the Electoral College (Bolinger 180). The only objective that would be achieved by abolishing or reforming the Electoral College is to choose a president who best replicates the will of the majority of the United States. The majority of the country has sought to remove the electoral college for the past 50 years (Gringer 186). However, constitutionality and the amendment process has slowed and even halted the decision numerous times. But citizens agree that the college must go, as it is not fair for two- thirds of Americans to be laid aside in the voting process. There is a pro for every con of each system. In arguments for the electoral college it diminished the influence of large population centers. It reduced the influence of the uneducated rabble allowing states to send each partyrs handpicked elites to the electoral college. The fact that we are not political experts is another reason why the college was created. It serves to sift through the robust noise we generate when voting. Choosing for the majority may seem like a genuine route to take. However, as I mentioned before, not all citizens are represented within the system. Also, within this system, how fair is this electoral vote? Is it even an accurate calculation process or is it half-baked? Can electoral votes be bargained for at some level? There are also limited precedents establishing the local percentages of the states population that cannot vote, contrary to its population size. I would refer to the current system as meager federalism. It does not seem as genuine as a pure vote, let alone the majority voice. According Paul Boudreaux, First, delegates argued that the people simply were not even qualified to vote for the president of the United States (Boudreaux 200). Furthermore, government officials still believe that we lack the capacity to decide who becomes chief executive, and our vote is roughly 66 percent counted. The citizens of America have long believed that the power of determining how electors are to be selected belongs to the people and not the states. Finally, Jack N. Rakove has a premise in which one might agree: The larger the share of electors that corresponds to the membership of the House, the more the senatorial bump is diluted. This proposal could be defended and rendered attractive on grounds that would not be limited to the composition of the electoral college (Ravoke 26). It seems like more politically reasonable action to take in terms of the majority without attracting too much political power. Rather than selecting a handful of electors to vote for us helpless ballot casters, we should consider disassembling the electoral college, and then reassembling it to better suit the ideals of federalism, fairness, and the voice of all the citizens in the United States. Works Cited Bolinger, Benjamin. Point: Abolishing the Electoral College. International Social Science Review, vol. 82, no. 3/4, 2007, pp. 179-82. Academic Search Complete. Accessed 3 Dec. 2018. Boudreaux, Paul. The Electoral College and Its Meager Federalism. Marquette Law Review, vol. 88, no. 2, Fall 2004, pp. 195-249. Academic Search Complete. Accessed 3 Dec. 2018. Florey, Katherine. Losing Bargain: Why Winner- Take-All Vote Assignment Is the Electoral Colleges Least Defensible Feature. Case Western Reserve Law Review, vol. 68, no. 2, Winter 2017, pp. 317-95. Academic Complete. Accessed 3 Dec. 2018. Gringer, David. Why the National Popular Vote Plan Is the Wrong Way to Abolish the Electoral College. Columbia Law Review, vol. 108, no. 1, Jan. 2008, pp. 182-230. Academic Search Complete. Accessed 3 Dec. 2018. Muller, Derek T. Invisible Federalism and the Electoral College. Arizona State Law Journal, vol. 44, no. 3, Fall 2012, pp. 1237-92. Academic Search Complete. Accessed 3 Dec. 2018. Rakove, Jack N. Presidential Selection: Electoral Fallacies. Political Science Quarterly (Academy of Political Science), vol. 119, no. 1, Spring 2004, pp. 21-37. Academic Search Complete. Accessed 3 Dec. 2018.